A shock wave is a type of disturbance propagating outward. Just like any ordinary wave, it carries with it energy that spreads out through solid, liquid, or gas mediums. In some cases, shockwaves can also spread out without those mediums, but through specific fields like the electromagnetic field.

The plasmasphere is that region of dense, cold plasma surrounding the Earth. It is a part of the plasma-containing magnetosphere and is located just outside the upper ionosphere, extending to about 8000 to 25,000 miles into space. This donut-shaped volt of energy around our planet is the result of a process jumpstarted by the Sun’s ultraviolet light.

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) are probably one of the most complicated names in chemistry. But despite the difficulty encountered with this term, these PAHs are common in our daily experience and are present as pollutants produced by the burning of fuels like oil and coal. In addition, PAHs can be found in our closets in the form of Napthalene balls and in foods that are cooked at high temperatures or grilled. But PAHs are not just found on Earth –

Outgassing is a process wherein gas is released through sublimation, evaporation and phase conversion. It is also simply described to as releasing solid gas. Offgassing, is similar to outgassing only that the latter refers to indoor air quality.

What is a telescope Lens? A telescope Lens comes in different sizes. One may find one in the form of a small plastic toy; another may find a telescope Lens that is worth millions of dollars. There are telescopes found in science laboratories all over the globe, there are telescopes in observatories, there are even telescopes built into cameras. What all these telescopes Lens have all in common is that they make what seem miles and miles away, or far [...]

Light pollution is also referred to as luminous pollution. It is the excessive production of man made light. It is also defined as the negative consequence of too much artificial light, which includes the clutter of light. Energy waste is also associated with such excessive production of artificial light.

A perfect time to stargaze is during a moonless sky and at a location where there is a minimum of light pollution and sky glow. When we observe stars, we observe them according to their apparent magnitude or the brightness that we see by simply observing using the naked eye. In astronomy, this particular radiant energy is quantified as luminosity, which is the amount of energy released by a star every second and is often expressed in joules per second [...]

We view celestial objects from a distance and use their brightness to make observations. Amateur astronomers and scientists often make use of a celestial object’s limiting magnitude, which is a measure of the lowest or faintest apparent magnitude that can be seen using a particular instrument. In simple terms, limiting magnitude is often considered as the primary key in detecting celestial objects using an instrument that can detect the light emitted by the celestial body being observed.

The local magnetic field of the earth traps protons, ions, and electrons forming a protective layer which is called the Van Allen radiation belt that takes the shape of a torus, consisting of an outer layer and an inner layer. The charged particles are caused by the cosmic rays from the sun.

There are three states of matter we are familiar with: solid, liquid, and gas. We don’t even need to define them anymore; their names are their definitions. But there’s the fourth state of matter which many aren’t too knowledgeable about (some may not even know there’s such a thing). It’s called plasma or ionized gas.